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Brazil does not have a death penalty. Brazil has a liberal juvenile justice system that seems far too lenient on youthful offenders. These factors have contributed to the high level of crime in Brazil.

There is a considerable amount of freedom in Brazil. Freedom, as opposed to totalitarian police states, has its price in increased criminal opportunities for the criminal element of society. Illegal drug activity has increased in recent years in Brazil. There are gang wars, and turf battles over the drug territories, and some innocent bystanders are killed in some of the battles. Fortunately the majority of these drug related crimes are contained in the poorer sections of the largest cities in Brazil. If you are not dealing drugs, and not spending time in the high crime inner cities in Brazil, then you are in much less danger of becoming the victim of a crime that you would be in any place in the USA.

Actual Crime Rates in Brazil compared to the USA and Japan

An analysis was done using INTERPOL data for Brazil. For purpose of comparison, data were drawn for the seven offenses used to compute the United States FBI’s index of crime. Index offenses include murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. The combined total of these offenses constitutes the Index used for trend calculation purposes. Brazil will be compared with Japan (country with a low crime rate) and USA (country with a high crime rate). The following figures are per 100,000 population.

Offense: Rape, the rate in 2001 was 8.50 for Brazil, compared with 1.78 for Japan and 31.77 for USA.

Offense: Aggravated assault, the rate in 2001 was 0.61 for Brazil, 23.78 for Japan, and 318.55 for USA.

Offense: Larceny for 2001 was 309.91 for Brazil, 1401.26 for Japan, and 2484.64 for USA.

Offense: Motor vehicle theft in 2001 was 88.51 for Brazil, compared with 44.28 for Japan and 430.64 for USA.

The rate for all index offenses combined was 927.41 for Brazil, compared with 1709.88 for Japan and 4160.51 for USA.

Source: http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/samerica/brazil.html

A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World

Dr. Robert Winslow

rwinslow@mail.sdsu.edu

San Diego State University

Japan is considered one of the safest countries on earth, with a very low crime rate, however Japan has almost twice as much crime overall as Brazil. The USA has over 400% more overall crime than Brazil. However, these statistics are skewed and misleading. Brazil’s crime is much localized, almost exclusively limited to the large inner cities. The crime rate in the rest of Brazil is comparable to the crime rate in Vatican City. In the rural areas of Brazil, hitchhiking is still common with very few criminal incidents. Even crimes against property are almost unheard of outside the large cities in Brazil. Outside of the inner cities, Brazil is pretty much the safest place on earth, with an outlandishly low crime rate. By comparison the USA is far more dangerous than Brazil.

There is one other exception to this low crime rate in Brazil. The popular tourist attractions and beaches do have some criminals taking advantage of tourists. These crimes tend to be pick-pocketing, purse snatching, camera snatching, and similar crimes. Even Vatican City has such pick-pockets working the tourists there too. This is an unfortunate fact of life worldwide in every tourist hotspot on earth. Savoy tourists can usually avoid being victimized by these petty criminals.

Do not flash expensive items such as camcorders, cameras, and notebook computers. The red light districts (AMOR à ZONA) should be avoided. The slums (favelas) are high crime areas. ATM machines tend to attract robbers. Thieves work the beaches looking for purses and wallets lying near sunbathers. They grab the purse or wallet and run. Solution: Do not leave your purse or wallet in view. Dress down. Try to look native. Do not stand out.

A word of warning about the Brazilian petty criminals and their methods.

Petty thieves commonly work the public transportation system looking for tourists. They ride the public transportation system (mostly busses) looking to identify a target, usually with a purse or expensive camera in easy view. They will wait until the bus is stopping and opening the doors, then they grab the item and jump off the bus. Lately they have been grabbing whole backpacks, when the tourist is so foolish as to take off his/her backpack on the bus. Solution: Be especially careful on the busses in Brazil. Do not take off your backpack. Do not make it easy for the thieves to grab your valuables and run. Fortunately it is incredibly rare for these petty criminals to become violent. They almost always run away no matter if they are successful or not in the purse snatching attempt. They run not because they are afraid of the tourist, but because they are afraid of a mob or the police catching them. However, you should NOT chase a purse snatcher. They are often armed. The inner city criminals in Brazil are especially afraid of the cops. The police in Brazil are almost as trigger happy as cops in the USA. Fortunately they seem to know the difference between tourists and the street criminals.

In summary, you are far more likely to have your wallet or purse stolen in any city in the USA than in even the tourist areas of Brazil. If you stay away from the inner cities and especially the favelas and if you do not deal drugs or buy illegal drugs you will be far safer in Brazil than in the USA, Canada, or even Japan. There is no need to be afraid of crime in Brazil. Come on, live a little. The sky is not falling down, and Brazil is not so dangerous if you just use common sense.

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Do you remember the first instructions you received when you had to give a speech in school? For most people, the advice was simply this: “Prepare a plan with an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Then give your speech.” These simple instructions are often the only ones we work with, even as we become adults. They are valid, but woefully incomplete.

An effective speech contains three components, which will allow an audience to better understand it, be more interested, and react to it.

The First Component

The first component deals with the content of your speech: it is the logical component.

Your content needs to be presented in the most “natural” manner to your audience. The points should appear logical. When building your speech, you must answer a sequence of three questions:

Why? The answer to this question will determine your message. Your message is a way to summarize your speech in a single sentence. With a clear message, you will have a direction to follow when speaking to your audience. This will prevent you from going off on a tangent. Everything you tell your audience should support your message.

What? What are you going to tell your audience? What points will you cover and which ones will you leave out? To answer this question, you need to know how much time you are given to speak. Once you know, be ready to have that amount of time reduced. Often, especially when there are many speakers, a meeting’s agenda is not respected. So it is entirely possible that you will have less time than you thought.

It’s always a good idea not to overstay your welcome! Most audiences will prefer a speaker who speaks too little over a speaker who speaks too much. Your allotted time will determine the number of points you can cover. Don’t try to cover fifteen points if you only have time for four.

How? The answer to this last question will determine the order of your points. The following speech structure will distinguish you from the majority of other speakers:

Prologue: A grabber at the start of your speech that will get your audience’s attention immediately.

Introduction: This is where you tell your audience what you plan on covering during your speech.

Body: Discuss your points in this section, using a logical approach. This portion makes up most of your speech.

Conclusion: Briefly review your content but beware: this is no longer the time to add new material. If you forgot to mention something, tough luck!

Epilogue: This is the real ending of your speech where you tell the audience to act on your message.

A proper logical structure will make it easier for your audience to follow your train of thought. It also will spare you from having to face a roomful of confused faces.

The Second Component

How do you feel when a speaker speaks in a monotone voice during an entire sixty minute speech?

How do you feel when a speaker reads his notes (or PowerPoint slides) for the duration of his speech?

Both of these questions touch upon the second component of public speaking: the mechanical component.

The mechanical aspect of public speaking is the “showbiz” part of your speech. It is how your audience perceives your speech. This perception occurs by using the five senses. To increase the impact of your speech, touch on as many senses as you can.

When you change your tone of voice, when you make unexpected movements, when you use PowerPoint, you are using the mechanical part of speaking.

When speaking to clients about the mechanical component, three questions often come up:

Where should I stand? Inexperienced or insecure speakers put their notes on a lectern, stand behind it, and remain in that spot for the duration of their speech. Don’t make that mistake!

Don’t stand behind a lectern for your entire speech. It prevents you from moving around and it makes you seem rigid. The fewer obstacles exist between your audience and you, the better your contact with them. Move around!

Where should I look? Anywhere but your notes! You can use your notes if necessary, but leave them on the lectern. Take a look at them once in a while if you must, but don’t read them!

If you want to establish a good rapport with your audience, you must look them in the eye. If you are reading your notes, there is no contact and many people will just tune you out. When you look people in the eyes, don’t stare intensely at one person. Take a look around the room and try to establish eye contact with everyone while you are speaking.

What do I do with my hands? Let them do what they do most naturally. If you speak a lot with them, then let your hands speak. If you have a tendency to keep your hands still, then keep them still. If you adopt an attitude that is natural for you, you will not be conscious of your gestures and you will be more at ease in front of a group.

However, watch out for mannerisms and nervous tics. This includes such things as playing with your hair, your jewelry, change in your pockets, an object in your hand, etc. When you display these mannerisms, many people may stop listening to you and just count the number of times you repeat that gesture.

Though the mechanics of speaking are important, you don’t need to overly focus on them. As your topic becomes more important to your audience, the mechanics of your speech lose their importance. However, if you stimulate as many of the five senses as possible, the impact of the logical component will be greater.

The third component

The third component is the most important component of your speech. Even if you are lacking in structure, even if you don’t give a great show, you can still have a great impact on your audience… as long as you include this component. If you don’t include it, you are better off not addressing an audience at all. Otherwise, you are wasting your time and theirs.

The third component, is the emotional component. It is the one that gets people to act. Studies have shown that a majority of people will act on their emotions and justify their actions afterwards. The higher the emotional content of your speech, the more impact you will have.

The emotional component is also the one that prevents people from acting. It can be a source of frustration, fear, and procrastination. If you are afraid to speak in public, the area you will need to work on the most is the emotional area, not the mechanical, nor the logical.

When you speak, your goal is to bring a change in your audience. It can be a change in behavior, a change in their thinking, or a change of attitude. However, no change will occur if your audience members are not emotionally engaged when you speak.

This doesn’t mean that you need to make your audience cry! It means that your audience needs to react to what you are saying, that’s it. To react, your audience must feel an emotion. Your goal is to bring out the proper emotion.

Here are few ways to do this:

Install emotion immediately: Don’t begin your speech by saying banalities such as, “Hi, how are you? It’s great to be here! You’re a lovely audience!” Get to it immediately.

Tell a story: A story can be an example, an anecdote, or even a fairy tale. In fact, storytelling is one of the best and most useful skills you can learn as a speaker.

Use the pause: Don’t hesitate to stay silent for a moment or two in front of the audience. Give them time to really feel what you say.

Ask questions: Ask questions that require your audience to live out a situation and to think about their response. Ask questions that do not have a single, right answer. Then, use the pause to give them time to answer either out loud or for themselves.

If you speak regularly, you may already be using all three components of public speaking. If not, start doing so with your very next speech. Remember that as you try something new, do it progressively, until you feel at ease with it. Don’t try to change too many things at once.

A systematic approach to improving your speaking skills will allow you to prepare and deliver your speeches more easily, more rapidly, and with impact.

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